The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in legume symbiotic performance

April 18, 2010 By biotech-source.com Leave a Comment

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This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Legumes may respond to non-rhizobial inoculants such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi either through an effect on plant growth or, in addition, through an effect on the function of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. We have examined the literature where the application of ^1^5N isotope dilution methodology permits the effect of indigenous AM and AM inoculants to be quantitatively separated into plant-growth-mediated and biological N”2 fixation (BNF)-mediated components. These studies clearly demonstrate the beneficial effects that both indigenous and inoculated AM have on legume growth, N uptake and the proportional dependence of the legume on atmospheric N”2. While the published data allow an assessment of various biological, edaphic and environmental factors that affect the response of various legumes to AM inoculation, they also highlight the paucity of quantitative field data and the lack of understanding of the interaction of legume genotype with AM species with respect to legume symbiotic performance.

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Polysaccharides and monosaccharides in the hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus E3 and Glomus tenue

April 18, 2010 By biotech-source.com Leave a Comment

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This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Plants colonised with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus E3 and Glomus tenue were grown in microcosms that permitted separation into root:hyphae and hyphae compartments. Hydrolysed polysaccharides from the hyphae and water-soluble sugars released into the hyphosphere were assayed using chromatography. Total sugars and most monosaccharides were elevated in the hyphosphere of Glomus E3 but not in the hyphosphere of G. tenue. Differences in the levels of sugars did not depend on hyphal surface area. It is suggested the diversity in sugars produced in the hyphosphere of AMF may drive some of the spatial and temporal variation in microbial diversity and function in soils.

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Fatty acid composition of various ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas of Norway spruce

April 16, 2010 By biotech-source.com Leave a Comment

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Whole cell fatty acid (WCFA) compositions of three different structures of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi: sporocarps, pure culture mycelia and ectomycorrhizas were analysed to evaluate the potential use of fatty acid profiles as biomarkers for ECM fungi and ectomycorrhiza-associated bacteria. Sporocarps of Amanita muscaria, Amanita rubescens, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius thejogalus, Leccinum scabrum, Paxillus involutus, Russula foetens, Russula rosea, Russula vesca, Suillus grevillei, Tylopilus felleus, Xerocomus badius, Xerocomus subtomentosus, pure cultures of A. muscaria, P. involutus, X. badius, X. subtomentosus, Suillus bovinus Suillus luteus and seven ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of Norway spruce were examined. Our results revealed species-specific composition of fatty acids of fungal sporocarps and pure culture mycelia. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes distinguished and identified by morphological and molecular methods (PCR-RLFP and sequencing) created specific fatty acid profiles. The dominating fatty acids in pure cultures and sporocarps were 18:2@w6,9, 18:1@w9 and 16:0, whereas ectomycorrhizas also contained plant and bacterial specific fatty acids. Especially, fatty acids specific to Gram-positive bacteria 15:0 anteiso and 17:0 anteiso were present in relatively high amounts and suggested that these bacteria are dominating in the examined Norway spruce mycorrhizosphere. In conclusion, our results show that fatty acid based methods can be useful in studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi, both as a quick method for differentiation of fungal species and also in studies of mycorrhiza-associated microorganisms in the field.

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Humic acid bleaching by white-rot fungi isolated from biosolids compost

April 15, 2010 By biotech-source.com Leave a Comment

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This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A screening assay for isolating humic-substances degrading fungi from biosolids compost at the thermophillic phase employed using plates containing 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), MnCl”2 or the monoazo dye Acid Red 183. Two of the most active fungi out of 70 fungal strains isolated were identified based on rDNA sequences and designated Trametes sp. M23 and Phanerochaete sp. Y6 (accessions no. DQ408582 and DQ438910). These isolates, when compared to a model white-rot fungi T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, showed the ability to bleach humic acids extracted from biosolids compost while growing under solid-state conditions using perlite as a solid support. T. versicolor and Trametes sp. M23 also exhibited the ability to bleach humic acids from a peat source. Interestingly, only Trametes sp. M23 bleached leonardite humic acid, which is considered to be a highly aromatic and stable type of natural organic matter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of white-rot fungi being isolated and identified from thermophilic composts. Since these fungi are capable of degrading lignin and humic acid and were found active in organic-matter-degradation processes, we suggest that they may play a significant role in the degradation and transformation of these refractory substances during composting.

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Reduction of fungal growth and lignin decomposition in needle litter by

April 14, 2010 By biotech-source.com Leave a Comment

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Soil Biology and Biochemistry, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The effects of excessive addition of excreta from the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, a colonial piscivorous bird, on the growth and the ability of fungi to decompose needle litter of Chamaecyparis obtusa were examined by a pure-culture test. Colony growth rate, mass loss of needle litter, and utilization patterns of lignin and carbohydrates were investigated and compared for 22 species in basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and zygomycetes. Colony growth rate of basidiomycetes decreased on medium supplemented with excreta (excreta medium) as compared to control medium without excreta, whereas such a difference was not found for ascomycetes. Mass loss of needle litter caused by basidiomycetes was generally higher than those caused by ascomycetes and zygomycetes. Basidiomycetes decomposed both lignin and carbohydrates in various proportions, whereas ascomycetes and zygomycetes decomposed carbohydrates selectively. Mass loss of litter caused by basidiomycetes and ascomycetes was lower when incubated on excreta medium than on control medium. Mass loss of lignin and nitrogen caused by basidiomycetes was lower on excreta medium than on control medium, whereas such differences were not found for ascomycetes. Mass loss of carbohydrate was not different between the media for basidiomycetes or ascomycetes.

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